Metal artifact reduction and clinical verification in oral and maxillofacial region based on deep learning / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To construct a kind of neural network for eliminating the metal artifacts in CT images by training the generative adversarial networks (GAN) model, so as to provide reference for clinical practice. Methods: The CT data of patients treated in the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University from January 2017 to June 2022 were collected. A total of 1 000 cases of artifact-free CT data and 620 cases of metal artifact CT data were obtained, including 5 types of metal restorative materials, namely, fillings, crowns, titanium plates and screws, orthodontic brackets and metal foreign bodies. Four hundred metal artifact CT data and 1 000 artifact-free CT data were utilized for simulation synthesis, and 1 000 pairs of simulated artifacts and metal images and simulated metal images (200 pairs of each type) were constructed. Under the condition that the data of the five metal artifacts were equal, the entire data set was randomly (computer random) divided into a training set (800 pairs) and a test set (200 pairs). The former was used to train the GAN model, and the latter was used to evaluate the performance of the GAN model. The test set was evaluated quantitatively and the quantitative indexes were root-mean-square error (RMSE) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). The trained GAN model was employed to eliminate the metal artifacts from the CT data of the remaining 220 clinical cases of metal artifact CT data, and the elimination results were evaluated by two senior attending doctors using the modified LiKert scale. Results: The RMSE values for artifact elimination of fillings, crowns, titanium plates and screws, orthodontic brackets and metal foreign bodies in test set were 0.018±0.004, 0.023±0.007, 0.015±0.003, 0.019±0.004, 0.024±0.008, respectively (F=1.29, P=0.274). The SSIM values were 0.963±0.023, 0.961±0.023, 0.965±0.013, 0.958±0.022, 0.957±0.026, respectively (F=2.22, P=0.069). The intra-group correlation coefficient of 2 evaluators was 0.972. For 220 clinical cases, the overall score of the modified LiKert scale was (3.73±1.13), indicating a satisfactory performance. The scores of modified LiKert scale for fillings, crowns, titanium plates and screws, orthodontic brackets and metal foreign bodies were (3.68±1.13), (3.67±1.16), (3.97±1.03), (3.83±1.14), (3.33±1.12), respectively (F=1.44, P=0.145). Conclusions: The metal artifact reduction GAN model constructed in this study can effectively remove the interference of metal artifacts and improve the image quality.

Application of mixture analysis methods in association between metals mixture exposure and DNA oxidative damage / 中华预防医学杂志

Objectives: To study the association between metals mixture exposure and DNA oxidative damage using mixture analysis methods, and to explore the most significant exposure factors that cause DNA oxidative damage. Methods: Workers from steel enterprises were recruited in Shandong Province. Urinary metals were measured by using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. The level of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was determined by using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), elastic net regression and quantile g-computation regression were used to analyze the association between urinary metals and urinary 8-OHdG. Results: A total of 768 subjects aged (36.15±7.40) years old were included in the study. BKMR, elastic net regression and quantile g-computation all revealed an overall positive association between the mixture concentration and increased urinary 8-OHdG. The quantile g-computation results showed that with a 25% increase in metal mixtures, the urinary 8-OHdG level increased by 77.60%. The elastic net regression showed that with a 25% increase in exposure risk score, the urinary 8-OHdG level increased by 26%. The BKMR summarized the contribution of individual exposures to the response, and selenium, zinc, and nickel were significant contributors to the urinary 8-OHdG elevation. Conclusion: Exposure to mixed metals causes elevated levels of DNA oxidative damage, and selenium, zinc, and nickel are significant exposure factors.

Association between cognitive impairment and main metals among oldest old aged 80 years and over in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To identify the main metals involved in cognitive impairment in the Chinese oldest old, and explore the association between these metal exposures and cognitive impairment. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1 568 participants aged 80 years and older from Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study (2017 to 2018). Fasting venous blood was collected to measure the levels of nine metals (selenium, lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, chromium, manganese, mercury, and nickel). The cognitive function of these participants was evaluated by using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE). The random forest (RF) was applied to independently identify the main metals that affected cognitive impairment. The multivariate logistic regression model and restricted cubic splines (RCS) model were used to further verify the association of the main metals with cognitive impairment. Results: The age of 1 568 study subjects was (91.8±7.6) years old, including 912 females (58.2%) and 465 individuals (29.7%) with cognitive function impairment. Based on the RF model (the out-of-bag error rate was 22.9%), the importance ranking of variables was conducted and the feature screening of five times ten-fold cross-validation was carried out. It was found that selenium was the metal that affected cognitive function impairment, and the other eight metals were not included in the model. After adjusting for covariates, the multivariate logistic regression model showed that with every increase of 10 μg/L of blood selenium levels, the risk of cognitive impairment decreased (OR=0.921, 95%CI: 0.889-0.954). Compared with the lowest quartile(Q1) of blood selenium, the ORs (95%CI) of Q3 and Q4 blood selenium were 0.452 (0.304-0.669) and 0.419 (0.281-0.622) respectively. The RCS showed a linear dose-response relationship between blood selenium and cognitive impairment (Pnonlinear>0.05). Conclusion: Blood selenium is negatively associated with cognitive impairment in the Chinese oldest old.

Microorganisms used for bioleaching of metals from typical solid wastes and their leaching mechanism: a review / 生物工程学报

Typical solid wastes contain many metal resources, which are worthy of recycling. The bioleaching of typical solid waste is affected by multiple factors. Green and efficient recovery of metals based on the characterization of leaching microorganisms and the elucidation of leaching mechanisms may contribute to the implementation of China's "dual carbon" strategic goals. This paper reviews various types of microorganisms used for leaching metals from typical solid wastes, analyzes the action mechanism of metallurgical microorganisms, and prospects the application of metallurgical microorganisms to facilitate the application of metallurgical microorganisms in typical solid wastes.

Concentrações de metais em poeira depositada em casas de trabalhadores informais e domiciliares da cadeia produtiva de joias e bijuterias de Limeira, SP: avaliação de risco à saúde infantil / Metal concentrations in dust deposited in the homes of informal and home-based workers in the jewelry and fashion jewelry production of Limeira, SP: risk assessment for children's health

Introdução: O trabalho informal é acompanhado de diversas particularidades, além do manuseio de produtos químicos sem equipamentos adequados, pode acontecer a exposição passiva de familiares ou amigos próximos, como por exemplo as crianças. Na cidade de Limeira, no interior de São Paulo, há a produção informal de joias e bijuterias, envolvendo atividades que vão desde a montagem de peças até a solda. Objetivos: este estudo avaliou a exposição de crianças à poeiras contendo metais, nas residências de trabalhadores informais e domiciliares da cadeia produtiva de joias e bijuterias de Limeira. Método: foram coletadas amostras de poeira com lenços eletrostáticos em 21 domicílios do grupo exposto e 23 do grupo controle e determinados os Elementos Potencialmente Tóxicos (EPT) Cr, Sn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb e As, nos ambientes. As análises foram realizadas no Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT), por ICP-MS. Também, foram cedidos os resultados das concentrações de EPT no sangue de uma subamostra de crianças, presentes na população de estudo, pela coordenadora do projeto (KPKO). Resultados: As concentrações de Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd e Sn na poeira doméstica foram significativamente maiores no grupo exposto (<0,05), assim como as concentrações de Pb e Cd no sangue das crianças do grupo exposto (<0,05). As concentrações de EPT na poeira doméstica e no sangue das crianças apresentaram correlação moderada para Cr (Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (Rho) 0,40), Zn (Rho -0,43) e As (Rho 0,40), e uma forte correlação para Cd (Rho 0,80) (p <0,05). Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo apontaram riscos para a exposição infantil ao Cd, As e Cr durante a produção informal e doméstica de joias e bijuterias, salientando a importância de proteger a saúde infantil através da promoção de ações de segurança. Adicionalmente, os lenços eletrostáticos se mostraram ferramentas de baixo custo e eficazes para avaliação da exposição a EPT.

Introduction: Informal work is followed by several particularities, besides the handling of chemicals without proper equipment, there may happen the passive exposure of family members or close friends, such as children. In the city of Limeira, in the interior of São Paulo, there is informal jewelry production, involving activities ranging from assembling pieces to welding. Objectives: This study evaluated the exposure of children to dust containing metals in the homes of informal and home-based workers in the jewelry production industry in Limeira. Method: dust samples were collected with electrostatic cloths from 21 households in the exposed group and 23 in the control group, and the Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) Cr, Sn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and As were determined in the environments. The analyses were carried out at the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo (IPT), by ICP-MS. Also, the results of PTE concentrations in the blood of a subsample of children, present in the study population, were provided by the project coordinator (KPKO). Results: Concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Sn in household dust were significantly higher in the exposed group (<0.05), as were concentrations of Pb and Cd in the blood of children in the exposed group (<0.05). PTE concentrations in house dust and children's blood showed moderate correlation for Cr (Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (Rho) 0.40), Zn (Rho -0.43) and As (Rho 0.40), and a strong correlation for Cd (Rho 0.80) (p <0.05). Conclusions: The results of the study indicated risks for children's exposure to Cd, As and Cr during informal, domestic jewelry production, highlighting the importance of protecting children's health by promoting safety actions. Additionally, electrostatic cloths proved to be low-cost and effective tools for assessing exposure to PTE.

Rastreamento da hipersensibilidade metálica pelos profissionais e estudantes de saúde na prática clínico-cirúrgica / Seguimiento de la hipersensibilidad metálica por profesionales y estudiantes de salud en la práctica clínico-quirúrgica / Screening of metallic hypersensitivity by health professionals and students in clinical-surgical practice

Objetivo: investigar o rastreamento da hipersensibilidade metálica realizada pelos profissionais e estudantes de saúde durante a prática clínico-cirúrgico. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo realizado com 228 profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde, por meio de questionário eletrônico semiestruturado, aplicado durante abril e maio de 2021, analisado por meio da estatística descritiva e da frequência de palavras. Resultados: 11,0% dos participantes realizaram a investigação sobre a hipersensibilidade metálica. 67,1% declararam que muito provavelmente poderiam incluir essa temática durante a triagem em seus atendimentos. Falta de conhecimento sobre alergia a metais e causas multifatoriais durante a prática clínico-cirúrgica foram citadas como barreiras para a implementação do rastreamento da hipersensibilidade metálica. Conclusão: pouco se evidencia o rastreamento da hipersensibilidade metálica em pacientes durante a prática clínico-cirúrgica dos profissionais e estudantes de saúde.

Objetivo: investigar el rastreo de la hipersensibilidad metálica realizada por los profesionales y estudiantes de salud durante la práctica clínico-quirúrgica. Método: estudio exploratorio-descriptivo realizado con 228 profesionales y estudiantes del área de la salud, por medio de cuestionario electrónico semiestructurado, aplicado durante abril y mayo de 2021, analizado por medio de la estadística descriptiva y de la frecuencia de palabras. Resultados: 11,0% de los participantes realizaron la investigación sobre la hipersensibilidad metálica. El 67,1% declaró que muy probablemente podrían incluir esa temática durante la selección en sus atenciones. La falta de conocimientos sobre la alergia a los metales y las causas multifactoriales durante la práctica clínico-quirúrgica se citaron como barreras para la implementación del seguimiento de la hipersensibilidad metálica. Conclusión: poco se evidencia el rastreo de la hipersensibilidad metálica en pacientes durante la práctica clínico-quirúrgica de los profesionales y estudiantes de salud.

Objective to investigate the screening of metallic hypersensitivity performed by health professionals and students during clinical-surgical practice. Method: an exploratory-descriptive study conducted with 228 health professionals and students, through a semi-structured electronic questionnaire, applied during April and May 2021, analyzed through descriptive statistics and the frequency of words. Results: 11.0% of participants conducted research on metallic hypersensitivity. 67.1% stated that they could very likely include this theme during screening in their care. Lack of knowledge about metal allergy and multifactorial causes during clinical-surgical practice were cited as barriers to the implementation of metallic hypersensitivity screening. Conclusion: there is little evidence of metallic hypersensitivity screening in patients during the clinical-surgical practice of health professionals and students.

Antibióticos e bactérias multirresistentes em esgoto e águas superficiais receptoras: riscos da propagação de genes codificadores de ESBL, de carbapenemases e de tolerância aos metais no contexto da saúde única / Antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria in sewage and receiving surface waters: risks of spreading genes encoding ESBL, carbapenemases and metal tolerance in the context of one health

Os antibióticos estão compreendidos entre as classes de medicamentos de maior sucesso na medicina, pelo tratamento de infecções bacterianas e consequentemente aumento na expectativa de vida da população. No entanto, seu uso exacerbado desde a sua descoberta promoveram a inserção de antibióticos no ambiente, bem como dispersão global de bactérias resistentes. Como medida à escassez de novos antibióticos, os metais têm sido considerados como potenciais agentes antimicrobianos, no entanto mecanismos de tolerância vêm sendo relatados, mas com distribuição epidemiológica desconhecida. Nesse sentido, os objetivos do presente trabalho foi de avaliar a ocorrência de antibióticos, de bactérias resistentes e de determinantes de resistência aos antibióticos e de tolerância à metais em amostras de esgoto hospitalar, sanitário e água superficial, no contexto da Saúde Única. No total, 10 antibióticos de diferentes classes foram avaliados em sistema de cromatografia líquida de ultra performance acoplado à espectrometria de massas (UPLC-MS) e bactérias resistentes foram isoladas e quantificadas a partir de meios cromogênicos seletivos para bactérias produtoras de ESBL e de carbapenemases. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de susceptibilidade aos antibióticos, bem como à detecção de genes de resistência aos antibióticos e de tolerância à metais, por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Os antibióticos amoxicilina e ampicilina foram encontrados em altas concentrações, variando entre 131,5 e 1896,29 ng L-1 e entre 366,35 e 1113,07 ng L-1 , respectivamente. Os antibióticos ciprofloxacina, sulfametoxazol e tetraciclina também foram detectados. O porcentual de remoção dos antibióticos no efluente tratado consiste de 53,43% para amoxicilina, 16,88% para ampicilina, 95,6% para sulfametoxazol e de 65,5% para tetraciclina. O perfil das concentrações de bactérias fenotipicamente produtoras de ESBL e de carbapenemases foram semelhantes, sendo de maior ocorrência no esgoto hospitalar. Deve-se destacar que o sistema municipal de tratamento de esgoto não apresentou eficiência na remoção dessas bactérias e altas concentrações foram detectadas no efluente tratado (ESBL: 3.80E+08, KPC: 6.17E+08 UFC/100mL). Foi possível verificar que as concentrações de bactérias resistentes à jusante da ETE foram maiores em relação às concentrações de bactérias à montante, evidenciando um possível impacto do lançamento do efluente tratado no corpo hídrico. Com relação ao fenótipo de resistência, os isolados apresentaram resistência majoritariamente aos antibióticos ß-lactâmicos, seguido por antibióticos da classe das quinolonas. Foi calculado o índice de resistência à múltiplos antibióticos (MAR Index), onde verificou-se que todos os pontos de amostragem configuraram como fontes de alto risco para resistência bacteriana. Quanto à detecção molecular de genes de resistência aos antibióticos, verificou-se que 51% dos isolados (n = 55/108) carreavam o gene codificador de carbapenemase blaKPC e 33% dos isolados (n =36/108) abrigavam o gene codificador de ESBL blaCTX-M dos grupos 1 ou 8. Em menores porcentagens foram detectados os genes blaGES (2,8%), blaNDM (1,9%) e blaVIM (0,9%), sendo esses dois últimos genes codificadores de carbapenemases do tipo metallo-ß-lactamase que são considerados pouco frequentes. Com relação aos genes de tolerância à metais, genes que conferem tolerância à prata, ao cobre e ao mercúrio foram detectados respectivamente em 52%, 50% e 28% dos isolados. Uma correlação forte foi verificada na coexistência entre os genes de tolerância à prata (silA) e de tolerância ao cobre (pcoD) (r = 0,85). Os resultados apontam para a disseminação de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos nas matrizes avaliadas, com predominância de genes codificadores de carbapenemases. Em termos de saúde pública, os dados levantados apontam para uma emergência sanitária, em que medidas de mitigação precisam ser urgentemente aderidas. Nesse sentido, e em consonância com a abordagem de Saúde Única, propõe-se a necessidade de tratamento do efluente hospitalar, bem como adição de tratamento terciário na ETE. A colaboração integrada entre os setores da saúde pública, veterinária e ambiental são fundamentais para frear essa "pandemia silenciosa"

Antibiotics are among the most successful classes of drugs in medicine, by treating bacterial infections and consequently increasing the life expectancy of the population. However, their exacerbated use since their discovery has promoted the insertion of antibiotics into the environment, as well as global dispersion of resistant bacteria. As a measure to the scarcity of new antibiotics, metals have been considered as potential antimicrobial agents, however, tolerance mechanisms have been reported, but with unknown epidemiological distribution. In this sense, the objectives of the present work were to evaluate the occurrence of antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and determinants of antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance in samples of hospital wastewater, urban wastewater, and surface water, in the context of One Health. In total, 10 antibiotics of different classes were evaluated in ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and resistant bacteria were quantified and isolated from chromogenic media selective for bacteria producing ESBL and carbapenemases. The isolates obtained were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, as well as detection of antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antibiotics amoxicillin and ampicillin were found in high concentrations, ranging between 131.5 and 1896.29 ng L-1 and between 366.35 and 1113.07 ng L-1 , respectively. The antibiotics ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline were also detected. The removal percentage of the antibiotics in the treated effluent consists of 53.43% for amoxicillin, 16.88% for ampicillin, 95.6% for sulfamethoxazole, and 65.5% for tetracycline. The concentration profiles of phenotypically ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria were similar, with higher occurrence in hospital wastewater. It should be noted that the municipal sewage treatment system did not show efficiency in removing these bacteria and high concentrations were detected in the treated effluent (ESBL: 3.80E+08, KPC: 6.17E+08 CFU/100mL). It was possible to verify that the concentrations of resistant bacteria downstream of the WWTP were higher in relation to the concentrations of bacteria upstream, showing a possible impact of the discharge of the treated effluent into the water body. Regarding the resistance phenotype, the isolates showed resistance mostly to ß-lactam antibiotics, followed by quinolone class antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR Index) was calculated, where it was verified that all sampling points configured as high-risk sources for bacterial resistance. Regarding the molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes, it was found that 51% of isolates (n = 55/108) carried the carbapenemase encoding gene blaKPC and 33% of isolates (n =36/108) harbored the ESBL encoding gene blaCTX-M from groups 1 or 8. In smaller percentages, blaGES (2.8%), blaNDM (1.9%) and blaVIM (0.9%) genes were detected, these last two genes encoding carbapenemases of the metallo-ß-lactamase type that are considered infrequent. Regarding metal tolerance genes, genes conferring tolerance to silver, copper and mercury were detected in 52%, 50% and 28% of isolates, respectively. A strong correlation was verified in the coexistence between silver tolerance (silA) and copper tolerance (pcoD) genes (r = 0.85). The results point to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the evaluated matrices, with a predominance of genes encoding carbapenemases. In terms of public health, the data raised point to a health emergency, in which mitigation measures need to be urgently adhered to. In this sense, and in line with the One Health approach, the need for treatment of the hospital effluent is proposed, as well as the addition of tertiary treatment in the WWTP. The integrated collaboration between the public health, veterinary, and environmental sectors are fundamental to curb this "silent pandemic"

An adaptive CT metal artifact reduction algorithm that combines projection interpolation and physical correction / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To propose an adaptive weighted CT metal artifact reduce algorithm that combines projection interpolation and physical correction.@*METHODS@#A normalized metal projection interpolation algorithm was used to obtain the initial corrected projection data. A metal physical correction model was then introduced to obtain the physically corrected projection data. To verify the effectiveness of the method, we conducted experiments using simulation data and clinical data. For the simulation data, the quantitative indicators PSNR and SSIM were used for evaluation, while for the clinical data, the resultant images were evaluated by imaging experts to compare the artifact-reducing performance of different methods.@*RESULTS@#For the simulation data, the proposed method improved the PSNR value by at least 0.2 dB and resulted in the highest SSIM value among the methods for comparison. The experiment with the clinical data showed that the imaging experts gave the highest scores of 3.616±0.338 (in a 5-point scale) to the images processed using the proposed method, which had significant better artifact-reducing performance than the other methods (P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The metal artifact reduction algorithm proposed herein can effectively reduce metal artifacts while preserving the tissue structure information and reducing the generation of new artifacts.

Poisoning by metals used in prothetic materials in orthopedics and its current management / Envenenamiento por metales en materiales protésicos en ortopedia y su tratamiento actual

Poisoning by metals present in prosthetic materials used in orthopedics is caused by the release of waste metals that are generated mainly by wear and corrosion. The objective of this study is to detail which are the current clinical and pathophysiological manifestations of the prosthetic metals used in orthopedics as well as the management of the most frequent arthroplasty associated with metal toxicity, hip arthroplasty, mentioning the most frequent metals that produce toxicity and implants or arthroplasties that carry a risk of developing intoxication. A narrative review was carried out through various databases from January 2005 to January 2021; the search and selection of articles were carried out in journals indexed in English. The results provided updated and organized information on the clinical and pathophysiological manifestations caused by the different types of frequent metals that produce toxicity present in prosthetic materials, as well as the management of hip arthroplasty(AU)

La intoxicación por los metales presentes en materiales protésicos utilizados en ortopedia se produce por la liberación de metales de desecho, que se generan principalmente por el desgaste y la corrosión. El objetivo de este estudio es detallar cuáles son las manifestaciones clínicas y fisiopatológicas actuales de los metales protésicos utilizados en ortopedia así como el tratamiento de las artroplastias más frecuentes asociadas a toxicidad por metales, la artroplastia de cadera, mencionando los metales más frecuentes que producen toxicidad e implantes o artroplastias que conllevan riesgo de intoxicación. Se realizó una revisión narrativa a través de varias bases de datos desde enero de 2005 hasta enero de 2021; la búsqueda y selección de artículos se realizó en revistas indexadas en inglés. Los resultados proporcionaron información actualizada y organizada sobre las manifestaciones clínicas y fisiopatológicas provocadas por los diferentes tipos de metales frecuentes que producen toxicidad que están presente en los materiales protésicos, así como el manejo de la artroplastia de cadera(AU)

Efeitos tóxicos à saúde humana e ao ambiente causados pelo derramamento de rejeitos de minério da barragem de Fundão / Toxic effects to human health and the environment caused by the spillage of ore tailings from the Fundão dam

Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas existentes até o presente momento que descrevem os efeitos tóxicos causados à saúde humana e ao ambiente, devido à liberação dos rejeitos de minério, decorrentes do rompimento da barragem de Fundão em Mariana - MG. Métodos: a revisão narrativa da literatura baseou-se na busca de artigos em quatro bases de dados: PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct e LILACS, utilizando os descritores "Dam", "Fundão" e "Mariana" junto com o operador booleano "AND". Resultados: trinta e quatro das oitenta e cinco publicações encontradas atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram utilizadas para compor a presente revisão. Foram observados os seguintes efeitos tóxicos: contaminação da água e do solo, principalmente, por metais pesados, potencial genotóxico, citotóxico e mutagênico da água, diminuição da diversidade microbiana, contaminação de peixes, perda da vegetação e prejuízos ao metabolismo de crescimento de plantas. Entre esses metais, foi relatado aumento na concentração de ferro, manganês, cobre, cádmio, chumbo, arsênio, cromo, magnésio, alumínio, mercúrio, cobalto, bário, níquel e selênio. Além disso, o desastre promoveu o aumento no número de casos de doenças humanas, como dengue, doenças respiratórias, dermatológicas, intestinais, psicológicas e comportamentais. Conclusão: todas as evidências científicas expostas na presente revisão sugerem que houve a contaminação ambiental, bem como da população local, por agentes tóxicos presentes nos rejeitos de minério, em especial metais pesados, liberados após o rompimento da barragem de Fundão. Assim, torna-se essencial a realização de mais estudos que visem esclarecer os efeitos tóxicos crônicos decorrentes dos rejeitos de minério liberados ao ambiente.

Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence existing to date that describes the toxic effects caused to human and the environmental health, due to the release of ore tailings, resulting from the rupture of the Fundão dam in Mariana-MG. Methods: the narrative literature review was based on a search for articles in four databases: PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct and LILACS, using the descriptors "Dam", "Fundão" and "Mariana" together with the Boolean operator "AND". Results: thirty-four, of the eighty-five publications found, met the inclusion criteria and were used to compose the present review. The following toxic effects were observed: contamination of water and soil mainly by heavy metals, genotoxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of water, decrease in microbial diversity, contamination of fish, loss of vegetation, and impairment of plant growth metabolism. Among these metals, increased concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, magnesium, aluminum, mercury, cobalt, barium, nickel and selenium were reported. In addition, the disaster promoted an increase in the number of cases of human diseases, such as dengue, respiratory, dermatological, intestinal, psychological and behavioral diseases. Conclusion: all the scientific evidence exposed in the present review that there was environmental contamination, as well as of the local population, by toxic agents present in the ore tailings, especially heavy metals, released after the collapse of the Fundão dam. Thus, further studies aimed at clarifying the chronic toxic effects resulting from the ore tailings released into the environment are essential.

Estudo experimental da translocação, percolação e lixiviação dos metais presentes no rejeito de mineração: rompimento de barragem em Mariana-MG / Experimental study of translocation, percolation and leaching of metals present in mining tailings: dam failure in Mariana-MG

A exploração mineral é uma relevante atividade econômica desenvolvida no Brasil, principalmente, no Estado de Minas Gerais. A região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero é considerada uma das maiores províncias poliminerais do Planeta e possui importantes reservas de minério de ferro, manganês, níquel, alumínio e ouro. Com o rompimento da barragem de Fundão em Mariana-MG, em 2015, milhões de toneladas de rejeitos extravasaram ficando depositados no solo e nos recursos hídricos. A carga de rejeitos atingiu, primeiramente, a Barragem de Santarém, provocando o seu galgamento, subsequentemente, alcançou o subdistrito de Bento Rodrigues, Rio Gualaxo do Norte, Rio Carmo, Rio Doce e Oceano Atlântico. Foram 663,2 km de corpos hídricos diretamente impactados, 41 municípios e dois estados atingidos: Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo. Diante da magnitude dos danos provocados ao ecossistema e carência de informações e de estudos na área da saúde, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar as concentrações de metais na área afetada pelo rompimento da barragem de rejeitos de mineração e simular, experimentalmente, a translocação, percolação e lixiviação desses metais no ambiente. Foram realizadas coletas de solo natural e rejeitos in loco, nos locais mais afetados pelo rompimento (Paracatu de Baixo-MG), para análise de parâmetros físicos e químicos. Avaliação do Fator de Translocação dos metais foi desenvolvida em hortaliças (alface, rúcula e rabanete), cultivada com solo natural de Mariana-MG e com rejeitos de mineração. Além disso, foram realizados ensaios de lixiviação e percolação de água em solo contaminado. Considerando os resultados desta pesquisa, foi possível realizar um diagnóstico básico sobre rotas de dispersão ambiental dos metais no solo após ruptura da Barragem do Fundão, Mariana, MG. Após analisar as amostras do solo e rejeitos, foi evidenciado que o As, Pb, Tl, Al e Fe apresentaram as maiores concentrações. Algumas amostras analisadas apresentaram Cu e Ni em concentrações superiores às recomendadas pela Resolução 420 do CONAMA e por normativas da Alemanha. Os resultados dos ensaios com hortaliças apontam amostras que apresentaram Fator de Translocação superior a 1, evidenciando o transporte de metais das raízes até a parte aérea dos vegetais, o que pode representar risco para saúde da população. De acordo com os resultados obtidos durante a simulação de percolação e lixiviação nos cilindros experimentais, verificou-se que ocorreu movimentação de metais na dimensão horizontal e vertical. Os resultados dos ensaios de translocação, percolação e lixiviação mostram, de maneira experimental, diferentes rotas de dispersão dos metais contidos nos rejeitos do minério. Esses resultados permitem inferir o que pode ter acontecido no ambiente após o rompimento da barragem na região de Mariana. Fica evidenciada a necessidade de se dar continuidade a estudos em áreas atingidas pelos rejeitos de mineração a médio e longo prazo, com foco em estratégias de remediação que objetivem a redução de efeitos adversos à saúde nas comunidades assentadas após esse tipo de desastres. Certamente, a obtenção de dados toxicológicos e de avaliações de risco à saúde da população subsidiarão a tomada de decisão e o desenvolvimento de ações intersetoriais, visando à promoção e proteção da saúde e melhoria das condições sociais e de vida da população afetada pelo desastre

Mineral exploration is an important economic activity developed in Brazil, mainly in the State of Minas Gerais. The Quadrilátero Ferrífero region is considered one of the largest polymineral provinces on the planet and has important reserves of iron ore, manganese, nickel, aluminum and gold. With the collapse of the Fundão dam in Mariana-MG in 2015, millions of tons of tailings overflowed, being deposited in the soil and in water resources. The tailings load first reached the Santarém Dam causing its overtopping, subsequently reaching the sub-district of Bento Rodrigues, Rio Gualaxo do Norte, Rio Carmo, Rio Doce and Oceano Atlântico. There were 663.2 km of water bodies directly impacted, 41 municipalities and two states affected: Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. Given the magnitude of the damage caused to the ecosystem and the lack of information and studies in the area of health, this research aimed to evaluate the concentrations of metals in the area affected by the collapse of the mining tailings dam and to experimentally simulate translocation, percolation and leaching of these metals in the environment. Natural soil and tailings were collected in loco, in the places most affected by the rupture (Paracatu de Baixo-MG), for the analysis of physical and chemical parameters. Evaluation of the Translocation Factor of metals was developed in vegetables (lettuce, arugula and radish), cultivated with natural soil from Mariana-MG and with mining tailings. In addition, leaching and water percolation tests were carried out in contaminated soil. Considering the results of this research, it was possible to carry out a basic diagnosis of environmental dispersion routes of metals in the soil after the Fundão Dam rupture, Mariana, MG. After analyzing the soil and tailings samples, it was evidenced that As, Pb, Tl, Al and Fe had the highest concentrations. Some analyzed samples presented Cu and Ni at concentrations higher than those recommended by Res. 420 of CONAMA and German regulations. The results of the tests with vegetables indicate samples that presented a Translocation Factor greater than 1, showing the transport of metals from the roots to the aerial part of the vegetables, which may represent a risk to the health of the population. According to the results obtained during the simulation of percolation and leaching in the experimental cylinders, it was verified that metal movement occurred in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The results of the translocation, percolation and leaching tests show, in an experimental way, different routes of dispersion of the metals contained in the ore tailings. These results allow us to infer what may have happened in the environment after the dam collapsed in the Mariana region. The need to continue studies in areas affected by mining tailings in the medium and long term is evidenced, with a focus on remediation strategies aimed at reducing adverse health effects in settled communities after this type of disaster. Certainly, obtaining toxicological data and health risk assessments for the population will support decision-making and the development of intersectoral actions, aimed at promoting and protecting health and improving the social and living conditions of the population affected by the disaster

Advances in anti-adversity of biological composites based on metal-organic frameworks / 生物工程学报

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are formed by self-assembly of metal ions or clusters with organic ligands, and are widely used in the fields of catalysis, sensing, energy and biomedicine. Recently, biological composites based on MOFs have attracted increasing attention. MOFs can be used as a platform for encapsulating bioactive substances due to the advantages such as large pore capacity, large specific surface area and diverse structure composition. These features can protect bioactive substances from adverse conditions, e.g. high temperature, high pressure, and organic solvents, thus improving the anti-adversity of bioactive substances. This review summarizes the advances of using MOFs as protective coatings to improve the anti-adversity of different bioactive substances, and introduces the synthesis strategy of MOFs-based biological composites, with the aim to promote the practical application of MOFs-based biological composites.

Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis

BACKGROUND@#The majority of studies linking exposure to metals with certain health outcomes focus on known toxic metals. Alternatively, this study assesses the extent to which exposure to a wider range of metals during gestation is associated with childhood morbidity.@*METHODS@#We analyzed the concentrations of 25 metals found in urine samples of 111 pregnant women of Arab-Bedouin origin collected prior to birth. In addition, we collected medical records on their offspring for six years following birth, including every interaction with HMOs, local hospitals, and pharmacies.@*RESULTS@#The main types of morbidities diagnosed and treated during this period were preterm births, malformations, asthma-like morbidity, cardiovascular and behavioral problems, and obesity. Multivariable analysis showed that offspring born before term were more likely to have been exposed to elevated maternal concentrations of zinc, thallium, aluminum, manganese, and uranium, all with adjusted relative risk above 1.40 for an increase by each quintile. Likewise, children with asthma had been exposed to higher levels of magnesium, strontium, and barium at gestation, while behavioral outcomes were associated with elevated biometals, i.e., sodium, magnesium, calcium, selenium, and zinc, as well as higher levels of lithium, cobalt, nickel, strontium, cadmium, vanadium, arsenic, and molybdenum. A heatmap of adjusted relative risk estimates indicates the considerable implications that exposure to metals may have for preterm birth and developmental outcomes.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The current study shows that perinatal exposure to metals is adversely associated with pediatric morbidity. Further such analyses on additional samples are warranted.

Bio-based molecules for biosynthesis of nano-metallic materials / 生物工程学报

Nano-metallic materials are playing an important role in the application of medicine, catalysis, antibacterial and anti-toxin due to their obvious advantages, including nanocrystalline strengthening effect, high photo-absorptivity, high surface energy and single magnetic region performance. In recent years, with the increasing consumption of global petrochemical resources and the aggravation of environmental pollution, nanomaterials based on bio-based molecules have aroused great concern. Bio-based molecules refer to small molecules and macromolecules directly or indirectly derived from biomass. They usually have good biocompatibility, low toxicity, degradability, wide source and low price. Besides, most bio-based molecules have unique physical, chemical properties and physiological activity, such as optical activity, acid/alkali amphoteric property, hydrophilic property and easy coordination with metal ions. Thus, the corresponding nano-materials based on bio-based molecules also have unique functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, antiviral fall blood sugar and blood fat etc. In this paper, we give a comprehensive overview of the preparation and application of nano-metallic materials based on bio-based molecules in recent years.

Effect of Yd: YAG laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Yd:YAG laser irradiation on orthodontic bracket base surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) values and sites of the bonding failure interfaces were quantified. Methods: Brackets were divided into two groups: OP (One Piece - integral sandblast base) and OPL (One Piece - laser irradiation). The brackets were randomly bonded on an intact enamel surface of 40 bovine incisors. The SBS tests were carry out using a universal test machine. A stereomicroscopy was used to evaluate the adhesive remnant index (ARI), and surface characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Student's t-test was used to compare the SBS between the two groups (p< 0.05). Frequencies and chi-square analysis were applied to evaluate the ARI scores. Results: OPL group showed higher value (p< 0.001) of SBS than OP group (43.95 MPa and 34.81 MPa, respectively). ARI showed significant difference (p< 0.001) between OPL group (ARI 0 = 100%) and OP group (ARI 0 = 15%). SEM showed a higher affinity between the adhesive and the irradiated laser base surface. Conclusions: Yd:YAG laser irradiation on bracket base increased SBS values, showing that bonding failure occurs at the enamel/adhesive interface. Laser-etched bracket base may be used instead of conventional bases in cases where higher adhesion is required, reducing bracket-bonding failure.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do laser Yd:YAG sobre a superfície metálica da base de braquetes ortodônticos, a resistência da colagem ao cisalhamento (RU) e os locais das falhas nas interfaces adesivas. Métodos: Os braquetes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o tipo de base: OP (One Piece - monobloco, base jateada) e OPL (One Piece - monobloco, base irradiada a laser). Foram selecionados 40 incisivos bovinos hígidos para a colagem de braquetes na superfície do esmalte. Os testes de RU foram realizados por meio de uma máquina de ensaio universal EMIC DL1000. O Índice de Adesivo Remanescente (ARI) e a caracterização das superfícies foram realizados empregando-se estereomicroscópio e microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). O teste t de Student foi aplicado para comparar a RU entre os dois grupos (p< 0,05). O ARI foi avaliado por meio da análise de Frequência e teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados: O grupo OPL obteve maiores valores de RU (p<0,001) do que o grupo OP (43,95 MPa e 34,81 MPa, respectivamente), e o ARI obteve diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre os grupos OPL (ARI 0 = 100%) e OP (ARI 0 = 15%). A análise proveniente do MEV mostrou alta interação adesiva entre a resina e a superfície metálica da base irradiada pelo feixe de laser. Conclusões: A irradiação com laser Yd:YAG sobre a superfície da base de braquetes metálicos aumentou os valores da RU, demonstrando que as falhas adesivas ocorreram na interface esmalte/adesivo. O uso de braquetes modificados com irradiação a laser pode ser adotado como alternativa aos braquetes com bases convencionais nos casos em que uma maior retentividade for requerida para reduzir as falhas de adesividade.

Experimental Study of MAR Algorithm in Metal Artifact Removal of CT Simulator / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the application value of MAR algorithm in metal artifact removal of CT simulator.@*METHODS@#CT phantom with titanium plate was scanned using conventional algorithms and MAR algorithms, respectively. Artifact index(AI), contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) and AI values at different slices were used to analyze the artifact images.@*RESULTS@#In artifact index, MAR algorithm (10.28±2.60) is significantly lower than conventional algorithm (20.65±5.04); In contrast-to-noise ratio index, MAR algorithm (7.81±1.12) is better than conventional algorithm (5.61±1.36). The above indicators were statistically significant in both algorithms (P<0.01). In the slices affected by metal artifacts, the artifact index decreased by 21.72%~88.40% after the MAR algorithm.@*CONCLUSIONS@#MAR algorithm can significantly reduce the metal artifacts and improve the clinical value of CT data.

Initial clinical experience and follow-up outcomes of treatment for ureteroileal anastomotic stricture with Allium coated metal ureteral stent / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the initial clinical experience and follow-up results of the treatment for ureteroileal anastomotic stricture after radical cystectomy with Allium coated metal ureteral stent.@*METHODS@#From September 2018 to September 2019, 8 patients with ureteroileal anastomotic stricture after radical cystectomy underwent Allium ureteral stent insertion in Peking University People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Daxing District. The preoperative renal pelvis width under ultrasound was collected to evaluate the postoperative hydronephrosis, creatinine and urea nitrogen (BUN) before and after surgery, perioperative infection, and stent-related complications. The serum creatinine and BUN, renal pelvis width under ultrasound, urography and abdominal plain film (KUB) were reviewed at the end of 1, 3, and 6 months and annually postoperatively to observe the stent position and morphology. The long-term stent patency rate, complication rate, renal function and hydronephrosis were followed up and analyzed. The t-test or rank-sum test was used to compare the measurement data of the matched sample from the preoperative to the last follow-up.@*RESULTS@#In the study, 6 cases (7 sides) were ureteral ileal conduit stricture, and 2 cases (3 sides) ureteral orthotopic neobladder stricture. Before surgery, 5 patients underwent long-term indwelling of a single J ureteral stent, with an average indwelling time of (20.6±8.8) months and an average replacement frequency of (3.6±1.3) months/time. The mean width of renal pelvis was (26.5±9.1) mm on preoperative renal ultrasonography. Among them, 6 patients were successfully indwelled with Allium coated metal ureteral stent by retrograde approach, and 2 patients by combination of double-endoscopy and ante-retrograde approach. No surgery-related complications during perioperative period were observed. The mean follow-up period was 9.8 months and Allium stent and ureter remained unobstructed in all the patients at the last follow-up without replacement or removal. Compared with preoperative data, the mean width of renal pelvis and mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the last follow-up period were significantly reduced [(26.5±9.1) mm vs. (13.4±2.5) mm, P=0.008; (11.6±2.3) mmol/L vs. (10.2±2.2) mmol/L, P=0.017], however, there were no significant differences in the average serum creatinine or hemoglobin (P>0.05). Ureteroileal anastomotic re-stricture and other stent-related complications were not observed in all the patients by antegrade urography.@*CONCLUSION@#Allium coated metal ureteral stent could be used for the treatment for ureteroileal anastomotic stricture, which could maintain relatively long-term patency rate and protect renal function. The indwelling time was longer and it could improve quality of life of patients.

Evaluación costo-efectividad de las prótesis con superficie cerámica-polietileno vs. metal-polietileno para reemplazo articular primario de cadera en Colombia / Cost-Effectiveness of Ceramic-Polyethylene Vs Metal-Polyethylene Bearing for Primary Total Hip Replacement in Colombia

Introducción Existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa del 1.2% en la tasa de revisión a 15 años a favor de cerámica- polietileno altamente entrecruzado (CP), demostrada en el registro nacional de artroplastia australiano. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la costo-efectividad entre los pares: cerámica-polietileno altamente entrecruzado (CP) y metal- polietileno altamente entrecruzado (MP) para el pagador en Colombia. Materiales y métodos Se construyó un árbol de decisiones TreeAge Pro® comparando CP vs MP desde la perspectiva del Sistema de Salud Colombiano (SSC). Los parámetros se tomaron de la mejor evidencia disponible, para la efectividad se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura y para los costos se usaron tarifas del mercado local. Se determinó la relación de costo-efectividad incremental, asumiendo un horizonte temporal de 15 años y aplicando una tasa de descuento del 5% para costos y efectividad. La incertidumbre fue controlada por un análisis de sensibilidad determinístico y probabilístico. Resultados Para el SSC, con un umbral de 1 PIB per cápita por año de vida ganado ajustado por calidad (AVAC), en adultos llevados a RTC el uso de CP no es costo-efectiva, dado que la efectividad es similar (MP:11,32 AVAC vs CP: 11,36 AVAC) y el costo es tres veces mayor (MP $ 861.826 COP vs CP $ 2.298.090 COP). El análisis de sensibilidad determinístico demuestra que la variable más importante en el resultado es el costo de la cerámica. Discusión Para el SSC el uso rutinario de cabezas de cerámica en RTC no es una estrategia costo-efectiva.

Background There is a statistically significant difference of 1.2% in the revision rate in a 15 year follow in favour of the use of ceramic on highly cross-linked polyethylene (CP) recently described in the Australian National Joint Registry. The purpose of this study is to compare the cost-effectiveness of CP implants and metal-on-highly cross-linked polyethylene (MP) implants in patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR). Materials and methods A TreeAge Pro® decision tree was constructed in order to determine cost-effectiveness between two bearing surfaces: CP or MP from the perspective of the Colombian Health Care System (CHCS). The model parameters where taken from the best available evidence. For the effectiveness, a systematic review of the literature was performed, and costs were taken from local market rates. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was determined assuming a time horizon of 15 years, and a discount rate of 5% was used for costs and effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness uncertainty was controlled with deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results For the CHCS, with a 1PIB per capita threshold adjusted per QALY in adults undergoing (THR), the use of a CP implant is not cost-effective, given that the effectiveness is similar (11.32 QALY for MP vs 11.36 QALY for CP), and the cost is three times higher (MP $ 861.826 COP vs CP $ 2.298.090 COP). The deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that the most important variable in the results is the ceramic cost. Discussion for the CHCS the routine use of ceramic-highly cross-linked polyethylene bearing surface in a THR is not a cost-effective strategy.

Papel de distintas técnicas de imagen para identificar y localizar cuerpos extraños intraoculares relacionados con trauma ocular abierto: reporte de tres casos y revisión de la literatura / The role of various imaging techniques in identifying and locating intraocular foreign bodies related to open-globe injury: three case reports and literature review

ANTECEDENTES La ubicación precisa de un cuerpo extraño intraocular es crucial para el manejo de pacientes con trauma ocular abierto. La tomografía computarizada se usa habitualmente para detectar su ubicación en el segmento posterior. Reportamos tres casos con diferentes cuerpos extraños intraoculares en el segmento posterior, que fueron localizados con precisión mediante la tomografía computarizada y ecografía modo B. PRESENTACIÖN DEL CASO Presentamos tres casos con diferentes mecanismos de trauma, tipos de cuerpo extraño intraocular, síntomas clínicos y pronóstico visual. La tomografía computarizada determinó la ubicación exacta de todos los cuerpos extraños intraoculares en el segmento posterior. El ultrasonido modo B se realizó en un paciente con un cuerpo extraño intraocular no metálico. El primer caso tuvo una lesión ocular perforante con un cuerpo extraño intraorbitario; el caso dos y el caso tres presentaron diferentes tipos de cuerpos extraños intraoculares con pronóstico diferente. El manejo y el pronóstico fue distinto en todos los casos; todos se manejaron con éxito. La ubicación exacta de los cuerpos extraños intraoculares utilizando las diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico es importante en estos pacientes. Estos casos sirven como recordatorio de que el uso adecuado de las pruebas de imagen es indispensable en el contexto de un cuerpo extraño intraocular relacionado con trauma ocular abierto. CONCLUSIÓN Las diferentes técnicas de imágenes son muy importantes para la detección de un cuerpo extraño intraocular. La tomografía computarizada es una de las modalidades de imagen más simple y efectiva para la localización de cuerpos extraños intraoculares relacionadas con trauma ocular abierto.

BACKGROUND: Determining the precise location of intraocular foreign bodies is crucial for the management of patients with open-globe injury. Computed tomography is the most common method for detecting intraocular foreign bodies in the posterior segment. In this article, we describe three cases of open-globe injury with different types of intraocular foreign bodies in the posterior segment that were accurately located using computed tomography scans and B-scan ultrasonography. CASE PRESENTATION: Each of the three cases of open-globe injury described in this report had different types of ocular trauma, clinical symptoms, and intraocular foreign bodies. Computed tomography scans showed the exact location of the intraocular foreign bodies in the posterior segment in two of the three cases. A B-scan ultrasound was used to determine the location of a non-metallic intraocular foreign body in the third case. All three patients had intraocular foreign bodies, and one of them had an additional orbital foreign body. Case 1 had a perforating eye injury with the additional intraorbital foreign body; Cases 2 and Case 3 had different types of intraocular foreign bodies and prognoses. Various treatment approaches were used, ranging from observation to surgery, depending on the location of the intraocular foreign bodies, and all cases were successfully managed. These three cases show that proper use of various types of imaging tests is indispensable in the context of an intraocular foreign body related to open-globe injury. CONCLUSION: Imaging techniques are crucial for the detection of an intraocular foreign body, and computed tomography is one of the simplest and most useful, especially in cases of open-globe injury.

Overview of antibiotic resistance genes database / 生物工程学报

The discovery of antibiotics is a big revolution in human history, and its clinical application has saved countless lives. However, with the widespread and abuse of antibiotics, many pathogens have developed resistance, and even "Super Bacteria" resistance to multiple drugs have evolved. In the arms race between humans and pathogens, humans are about to face a situation where no medicine is available. Research on microbial antibiotic resistance genes, resistance mechanisms, and the spread of resistance has attracted the attention of many scientific researchers, and various antibiotic resistance gene databases and analysis tools have emerged. In this review, we collect the current databases that focus on antibiotics resistance genes, and discuss these databases in terms of database types, data characteristics, antibiotics resistance gene prediction models and the types of analyzable sequences. In addition, a few gene databases of anti-metal ions and anti-biocides are also involved. It is believed that this summary will provide a reference for how to select and use antibiotic resistance gene databases.